The Effect of Biochar Amendment, Microbiome Inoculation, Crop Mixture and Planting Density on Post-Mining Restoration

Ecological restoration with a multispecies and multifunctional approach can accelerate the re-establishment of numerous ecosystem services. The challenges land that is degraded, damaged, or destroyed post-mining are low productivity soil high potential for contaminants. Herein, we evaluated to strategy through mixture woody herbaceous species, microsymbiont biochar amendments, plant spacing. experiments were conducted using greenhouse field trials located in Quebec, Canada. We used tree species (Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC. ssp. crispa (Aiton) Turrill, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, Populus tremuloides Michx. Salix arbusculoides Andersson) (Avena sativa L., Festuca rubra L. Trifolium repens L.) on two types gold-mine waste materials (fine tailing rock). amendment microbial inoculation applied both trials. found positive negative effects spacing, depending their interactions. net effect was shown by combining plantation density, biochar, factors Alnus crispa. Overall, density be most important factor generating effect. suggest mechanism correlated improvement microclimate water conservation activity enhancement over temperature modification. Hence, propose put emphasis accelerating processes, along other combined factors, including amendment.